Indian Laws, in plain language

A quick guide to the statutes that come up most often in consultations. Not legal advice — talk to an advocate about your specific situation.

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita

BNS ? 2023

India's criminal code ? replaced the IPC in 2024. Offences, punishments, general exceptions.

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Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita

BNSS ? 2023

Criminal procedure ? replaced the CrPC. FIRs, arrest, bail, trial, appeals.

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Constitution of India

1950

Fundamental rights, duties and directive principles. The basis of every Indian statute.

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Indian Contract Act

1872

Offer, acceptance, consideration, breach, damages. Governs every commercial agreement.

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Consumer Protection Act

2019

Your recourse against defective goods, poor services, unfair contracts and e-commerce disputes.

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Hindu Marriage Act & Family Laws

1955 +

Marriage, divorce, custody, maintenance. Includes Special Marriage Act and personal-law statutes.

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Transfer of Property Act & RERA

1882 ? 2016

Sale deeds, gifts, leases, mortgages and builder?buyer protections under RERA.

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Information Technology Act

2000

Cybercrime, data protection, digital signatures. Primary law for the online world.

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